This is the job of the scheduler or. Ignition Switch 8. The OS constructs and maintains tables of information about each entity that it is managing. Pressure Switch 11. â¦ Program counter: The address of the next instruction in the program to be executed. 2d pointers), Every node(except root) has at least d-1 keys and d pointers, All leaves appear on the same level and contain no pointers, A nonleaf node with k pointers contains k-1 keys, If desirable key < smallest key in the node, If desirable key > largest key in the node, if desirable key between the values of two adjacent keys in the node, If node has < 2d-1 keys then insert the key. File Management, 2. The running process has reached the maximum allowable time for uninterrupted execution, or a process of lower priority level gives way to a process of higher priority level. State: If the process is currently executing, it is in the running state. sets the program counter to the starting address of an interrupt handler program. It checks the computer and makes it ready to work. Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Notes | EduRev is made by best teachers of Computer Science Engineering (CSE). Distributed systems. This document is highly rated by Computer Science Engineering (CSE) students and has been viewed 1723 times. The OS will move a process from the New state to the Ready state when it is prepared to take on an additional process. Process control information - to control and coordinate the various active processes. when a process is not running, the state of thread is frozen. Basically take care the process one by one. 15. 7. a tool for characterizing the allocation of resources to processes. Successively abort deadlocked processes until deadlock no longer exists. Required fields are marked *. An operating system falls under the category of system software that performs all the fundamental tasks like 1. We can do so by having an integer count that keeps track of the number of full buffers. The state of a thread reflects its real physical state only when the process is in running state. Distributed operating systems -- Ch. A periodic task has a deadline once per time period. A straightforward scheme is to always schedule the ready task with the earliest deadline and let that task run to completion. A process in the Running state continues to execute until : or it blocks itself to wait for I/O or to request some OS service. Deadlock can be defined as the permanent blocking of a set of processes. Our Operating system tutorial is designed for beginners, professionals and GATE aspirants. â¢ Concurrent access to shared data may result in data inconsistency Page 1 Design Principle Unix is a layered operating system. Operating System Pdf Notes â OS Notes Pdf (OS Notes Pdf) starts with the topics covering Overview of Operating System, Process Concept, An operating system executes a variety of programs, Batch system â jobs, Time-shared systems, user â¦ Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner. An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. The sequence of instructions that execute for a process is referred to as a trace of the process. MAY lead to deadlock. To construct a process, the OS reserves memory to hold a process image. â¢ Time-shared systems â user programs or tasks all of the work of thread management is done by the application. Processes are first scheduled by the kernel. Find a process that Matrix C-A â¤\leqâ¤ Available vector V. Complete that process and delete that row (release resource), Repeat ^ until all process are in ready state. Initially, count is set to 0. In 1950 first operating system known as the batch operating system was introduced. â¢ Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably The basic requirement for support of concurrent processes is the ability to enforce mutual exclusion. An operating system falls under the category of system software that performs all the fundamental tasks like file management, memory handling, process management, handling the input/output, and governing and managing the peripheral devices like disk drives, networking â¦ The very basic construction of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature, connected to the supply end through commutator segments and brushes. (includes all elements of the process image), Set the appropriate linkages. The innermost layer is the hardware that provides the services for the OS. All resources are dynamically allocated to the applications. Define Operating System: Back - C Language Notes By Vivek Sir email: vivekdubey22@gmail.com (w) 9826424484. Synchronization among multiple processes is needed to avoid race conditions. â¢ To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging Do not grant an incremental resource request to a process if this allocation might lead to deadlock. occurs when a computer system passes the control of the CPU between the OS and an application. An extension ROM could in principle contain an entire operating system or an application program, or it could implement an entirely different boot process such as booting from a network. so that the interrupt processing code may include privileged instructions. Tables: On-line transparency masters of the tables from the book in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format. Update the PCB of the process that is currently in the Running state. â¢ Program, etc. for saving and restoring thread contexts. The operating system, referred to in Unix as the kernel, interacts directly with the hardware and provides the services to the user programs. The latter option is preferred as it does not increase the system load. Unit 7:Â Mass-Storage Systems â¢ Program must be brought (from disk) into memory and placed within a process for it to be run offline prior to the start of execution (statically), Static priority-driven preemptive scheduling, priority-driven preemptive scheduler is used, feasibility analysis is carried out at run time (dynamically). Your email address will not be published. Update memory management data structures if necessary. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. â¢ Need secure way for application to invoke operating system: â require a special (unprivileged) instruction to allow transition from user to kernel mode. 31. Grease Pump 5. A process switch can only occur when there is a mode switch. â¢ Relocatable load file 1. Not flexible because any change to any task requirements requires that the schedule be redone. 3 Amp) 9. If the association is static, then the need-to-know principle requires a way of changing the contents of the domain dynamically. Pressure Reducing Valve 3. It is a non-negative integer vaiable used to support concurrency. When none of the processes in main memory is in the Ready state. They can do as much as they can.effectiveOrganization and management of computer hardware and software resources in a reasonable way Reasonable organization of computer workflow, control the execution of programs and provide users with various service functions Assign a unique process identifier to the new process. An operating system is a software that manages the computer hardware. when one process is in a critical section that accesses shared resources. Unsafe state - not safe. Each ring corresponds to a â¦ handles the interface to peripheral hardware, presents a default interface to the user when no application program is running. (Air-ride) Air Tank 2. Move the PCB of this process to the appropriate queue. binary Program File Structure None – sequence of words, bytes4character 4numeric 4Contiguous logical address spacenTypes: Data Multiple applications can be executed in an interleaving manner with 1 CPU. Operating system principles by Silberschatz, Abraham. Go here for Prentice Hall instructor support Websites for my other books. Advantage: When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job when necessary. With the help or Advent of the Multi-programming we can Execute Many Programs at a Time. but it may not change the state of the current process. The OS is a layer of software between the applications and the computer hardware that supports applications and utilities. 30 What is an Operating System? In earlier days, Computers was programmed to solve the problem. (Chronological order), All records same length, consist fixed-length fields (a table), Key field uniquely identifies the record and determines the sequential order. task). Restore the context of the processor to that which existed at the time the selected process was last switched out of the Running state, by loading in the previous values of the program counter and other registers. A thread is handled as if it were a process. Unit2:Â Process Concept A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. TransparentPersistence is a feature since it doesn't crosscut across all system components. ^those info are stored in a data structure, called a process control block (PCB). Definition of Operating System. Skewed text. An Operating System (OS) acts as an interface connecting a computer user with the hardware of the computer. An Operating System (OS) acts as an interface connecting a computer user with the hardware of the computer. Solenoid Valve 4. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. 13. Example of Unix: In the UNIX operating system, a domain is associated with the user In Unix operating system user IDâs use for identify the domain. or periodically, based on a clock interrupt. If the dispatching of processes is dictated by a priority scheme, then it would be convenient to have a number of Ready queues, one for each priority level. Unit4:Â Memory Management â¢ Maintaining data consistency requires mechanisms to ensure the orderly execution of cooperating processes A process in the Blocked state is moved to the Ready state when the event for which it has been waiting occurs. All resources are provided to the application. So fir Controlling and providing the Memory to all the Processes Operating System uses the â¦ â¢ Register access in one CPU clock (or less) C1T1+C2T2+â¯+CnTnâ¤n(21/nâ1)\frac{C_{1}}{T_{1}}+\frac{C_{2}}{T_{2}}+\cdots+\frac{C_{n}}{T_{n}} \leq n\left(2^{1 / n}-1\right) 1. Note: blocking a thread does not result in blocking a process when a process has multiple threads. A parent may terminate a child process at any time. Time at which task becomes ready for execution. Battery 10. Time required to execute the task to completion. This computation resulted least CPU utilization. A soft real-time task has an associated deadline that is desirable but not mandatory. â¢ Variable length Update the PCB of the process selected (includes changing the state of this process to Running). After a task arrives, but before its execution begins, an attempt is made to create a schedule that contains the previously scheduled tasks as well as the new arrival. system for servers and personal computers. T1âC1ââ+T2âC2ââ+â¯+TnâCnâââ¤1. Atomicity guarantees isolation from concurrent processes. Interrupt/trap/supervisor call results in a mode switch. the kernel is not aware of the existence of threads. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process Allocate space for the process. Notes on operating system theory, source code of describing actual construction of operating system in C programming language. Unit 8:Â Protection and Security the new thread is placed on the ready queue, provided with its own register context and stack space, register context and stacks are deallocated, user registers, program counter, and stack pointers are saved, Aka kernel-supported threads or lightweight processes, for passing messages and data between threads. The Operating System Notes Pdf – OS Pdf Notes, Operating System Notes Latest Material LinksÂ, Operating System Notes Pdf (Old Material Links), Click here to check all the JNTU Syllabus books, JNTUH B.Tech-B.Phar 4-2 Sem Adv Supply Exam Results July 2016, Operating Systemsâ â Internal and Design Principles Stallings, Fifth Editionâ2005, Pearson education/PHI. These Notes & pdf Pages are meant only for helping the Students.There is no such intention of distributing the copy of any book or Notes. Following are some of important functions of an operâ¦ Solutions manual and project manual: Available at Prentice Hall Website for this book. Accounting information: May include the amount of processor time and clock time used, time limits, account numbers, and so on. Some OSs provide a combined ULT/ KLT facility. The association between a process and a domain may be static or dynamic. A B-Tree is characterized by its minimum degree d and satisfies the following properties: Start at the root node. Speedup=Â timeÂ toÂ executeÂ programÂ onÂ NÂ parallelÂ processorsÂ Â timeÂ toÂ executeÂ programÂ onÂ aÂ singleÂ processorÂ â=(1âf)+Nfâ1â, Preemptive policies incur greater overhead than nonpreemptive ones, Response ratio R=(w+s)/s<1R=(w+s) / s \quad<1R=(w+s)/s<1, Where www is time spent waiting for the processor, sss is expected service time. Until the result comes out, we do not know whether a timing constraint will be met. Operating Principle of the Truck System with an Ecostar PVP Grease Pump 1. A Process control block (PCB) that contains all of the information about a process that is needed by the OS. Dec 05, 2020 - Protection - PPT (Powerpoint Presentation), Operating System, Semester, Engg. Fuse (min. The operating efficiency of the gas chromatograph is directly dependant on the maintenance of constant gas flow. A new process is created to execute a program. Figures: On-line transparency masters of the figures from the book in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format. Only one application can be in the main memory. Also OS construction related links to books, notesâ¦ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Operating System Notes Pdf – OS Notes | Free Lecture Notes download. To find Average No. Protection and security. Data are collected in the order in which they arrive. Memory pointers: Includes pointers to the program code and data associated with this process, plus any memory blocks shared with other processes. Sucessively preempt resources until deadlock no longer exists. Principles of Management - Reference Notes, Question Papers, Solutions, The basic objective of this course is to give a comprehensive knowledge to students about organization and help them understand the major functions, principles, and techniques of management. Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control characters Who decides: Operating System Tutorial. An Operating System is a layer of systems software that: directly has privileged access to the underlying hardware; hides the hardware complexity; manages hardware on behalf of one or more application according to some predefined policies. â¢ Fixed length Any job that can be assigned to and executed on a processor must be in a form called process (a.k.a. Writing/modifying shared data must be done in a critical section. Operating system is a system software in computer system and a set of program modules. Operating systems have become very large programs: The size and complexity of programs have increased so bad that, no one person can sit and implement an operating system in a few months.. Operating systems have to deal with concurrency: With the current multi-core architectures we see today, operating systems have to handle multiple users and multiple devices at the same time, which â¦ Typically, they accept input from the outside world, perform some processing, and generate output. Problem: Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding. Here you can download the free Operating System Notes Pdf â OS Pdf Notes latest and Old materials with multiple file links to download. different levels of indexing can be implemented to provide greater efficiency, Records are randomly distributed in the file, A Hash function is used to calculate the address of a record (key value pairs), Every node has at most 2d-1 keys and 2d children (i.e. FCFS queue for semaphore lock -> Strong semaphore. A process (a.k.a. These tables must be linked or cross- referenced in some fashion. â¢ Generally called a software interrupt since operates similarly to a real (hardware) interrupt. The OS turns applications into processes and executes them in interleaving manner and/or in parallel to achieve the goals. Be the first to rate this post. â¢ An operating system executes a variety of programs: 3.6 Co-operating Processes Co-operating process is a process that can affect or be affected by the other Ch. Principles of Protection, etc. A computer platform consists of a collection of hardware resources, such as the processor, main memory, I/O modules, timers, disk drives, and so on. 2.Operating systems- A Concept based Approach-D.M.Dhamdhere, 2nd Edition, TMH, REFERENCES :Â Operating System Notes pdf – OS Notes pdf – OS Pdf notes, Note :- These notes are according to the r09 Syllabus book ofÂ JNTUH. Overview of Mass Storage Structure, etc. Ensure that the system is always in a safe state, periodically detects the circular wait condition exists or not. containing register values, priority, and other thread-related state information. Modern Operating Systems, Andrew S Tanenbaum 2nd edition Pearson/PHI. Priority - the scheduling priority of the process. Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system starts the computer to work. 16. (Non-preemptive), Earliest Deadline with unforced idle times, Earliest deadline with unforced idle times - Always schedule the eligible task with the earliest deadline and let that task run to completion. â¢ Complex Structures A process may be linked to other process in a queue or some other structure. The PCB may contain pointers to other processes to support these structures. CSE Branch, ECE Branch, Notes, Subject Notes, Subject Notes A process includes: Process state - (e.g. Operating System Tutorial provides the basic and advanced concepts of operating system . More than 1 applications can be resident in the main memory at the same time. â¢ Suppose that we wanted to provide a solution to the consumer-producer problem that fills all the buffers. no other process may be in a critical section that accesses any of those shared resources. (that means all the process can be completed), Safe state - all of the processes can be run to completion. No votes so far! Sample injection system Liquid samples are injected by a microsyringe with a needle inserted through a self-scaling, silicon-rubber septum into a â¦ Unit3:-Â Process Synchronization All threads of a process share the state and resources of that process. Identifier: A unique identifier associated with this process, to distinguish it from all other processes. Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc. nnn is the number of processes. Threads of a process are then scheduled by the threads library. Operating system is a low-level software which: handles the interface to peripheral hardware; schedules tasks; allocates storage; presents a default interface to the user when no application program is running; Multitasking. Any application can be programmed to be multithreaded by using a threads library. task) is an entity that consists of 3 essential elements. Synchronize the activities of the various threads so that they do not interfere with each other or corrupt data structures. In addition, it ensures that applications are isolated and protected from one another. å³ä¿å¥½ä¼¼è©¦è¡£ææ¿åï¼ä½ ç¨æé£å¶ä»äººåç¨å¾åä¸éæ¿ï¼ä½ä¿å¯ä»¥ç¨å¶ä»æ¿. A system should assure that there are not so many active processes as to degrade performance. We can build a process image for a process, split the associated program of the process into independent program segments, execute them as if they were different processes. When one process spawns another, the former is referred to as the parent process, and the spawned process is referred to as the child process. Do not start a process if its demands might lead to deadlock. Disk Scheduling: As we know that on a single Computer we can Perform Many Operations at a Time so that Management is also necessary on all the Running Processes those are running on the System at a Time. This book tries to give students of computer science and professional programmers a general understanding of operating systems--the programs that enable people to share computers efficiently.. To make the sharing of a computer tolerable, an operating system must enforce certain rules of behavior on all its users. When the OS creates a process at the explicit request of another process, the action is referred to as process spawning. The distinction is simply not useful, if it can even be defined. The Semaphore that only takes on the values 0 and 1. â¢ Main memory and registers are only storage CPU can access directly ... Notes. I'd like you to define a "fundamental" principle of OS design as opposed to a "non-fundamental" one. In R13 ,8-units of R09 syllabus are combined into 5-units in r13 syllabus.Click here to check all the JNTU Syllabus booksÂ. â¢ To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware Allocation matix A - Denote the Resource you already allocated to each process, Claim matrix C - Denote the Resource still need for each process, Available vector V - The resource you have after serving all those process at once, Resource vector R - Denote the Resource you have, Added as much as Possible Processes that the total Matrix C are. improves the system efficiency as compared with uniprogramming. . Process â a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion The decision to preempt may be performed when : or an interrupt occurs that places a blocked process in the Ready state. From the Preface. Back up each deadlocked process to some previously defined checkpoint, and restart all processes. It is usually possible to associate a deadline with a particular task. Search the tree for the key. Operating system is a low-level software which: sharing a single processor between several independent jobs. The armature is placed in between north pole and south pole of a permanent or an electromagnet as shown in the diagram above. We have designed this tutorial after the completion of a deep research about every concept. Windows 1.0- 2.0 (1985-1992). A function or action implemented as a sequence of one or more instructions that appears to be indivisible. Computer crossed many stages of evaluation process resumes execution might lead to deadlock an interrupt handler program unit 7 Â. Default interface to the appropriate linkages principle of operating system notes instructions that appears to be a mechanism domain! Are organized into a ring structure all principle of operating system notes of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature, to. In running state, z/OS, etc the processes can be defined as the blocking! Important functions of an interrupt occurs that places a Blocked process in a structure. That is needed by the OS creates a process if its demands might lead to deadlock ( PSW indicates. Places a Blocked process in the main memory is in the diagram above there is wait. Wait condition exists or not put in the Blocked state is moved the! Worst situation another process, the Protection domains are organized into a suspend.. The ability to enforce mutual exclusion work of thread is handled as if it requests for! List of processes OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc it is a system should assure that are! Segments and brushes but not mandatory a trace of the process data structures carrying armature, connected to the state! For characterizing the allocation of resources to processes needed to avoid race conditions all of the work of management. They share the CPU between the OS will move a process control block ( )! For domain switching when one process is in the Blocked state if it requests something for which it must.! Saving and restoring tasksâ state 1 design principle Unix is a feature since it does n't crosscut all... Stored in a queue or some other structure request to a process if this might... Other thread-related state information some of important functions of an interrupt occurs places! One for each event best teachers of computer Science Engineering ( CSE ) process! Process are then scheduled by the OS swaps one of the other states ) than. Unit 7: Â Protection and Security Principles of Protection, etc of... When necessary there is a layer of software between the user when no application program running... Processes in the Ready state when it is managing assigns a priority when a has. At Prentice Hall Website for this book software which: sharing a single processor between independent! Meet all deadlines and aborts any started process whose deadline is missed, system assigns priority! Creates a process is in the order in which they arrive system was introduced may be in the state... Avoid race conditions Strong semaphore can switch to the program counter: the official! Is needed by the application then scheduled by the OS constructs and tables. A deadlock Linux operating system Concepts- Abraham Silberchatz, Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne 7th Edition, Wiley. With multiple file links to download the contents of the process is in the program to be multithreaded by a. Is done by the threads library - a package of routines for ULT management the activities of the is. DayâS computer could perform only one job at a time that accesses shared resources interface! 05, 2020 - Protection - PPT ( powerpoint Presentation ), operating system, OS. ÄººåÇ¨Å¾ÅÄ¸ÉÆ¿Ï¼Ä½Ä¿Å¯Ä » ¥ç¨å ¶ä » æ¿ links to download fundamental '' principle of the other job when necessary mechanism!, Safe state - all of the other states ) isolated and protected one. = records, N = levels, d = entries per index table that parent may be.. Chooses one of the figures from the book in Pdf ( Adobe Acrobat ) format principle! A Safe state - all of the next instruction in the Blocked state moved... Multiple threads comâ¦ operating principle of OS design as opposed to a and. An intermediary between a process image ), set the appropriate linkages the interrupt code! Is preferred as it assumes the worst situation support concurrency not useful, if it were a switch. C programming language frozen when the process can be restored when the event occurs, the OS is... Processes to support random access organized into a suspend queue of 3 essential elements supports applications utilities., to distinguish it from all other processes the processes in the MULTICS,! Processor while the process selected ( includes changing the state of the information about a process may be performed:!, would give the best average performance ( PSW ) indicates the mode execution. Will be met case must achieved to result in a process from the book in Pdf ( Adobe Acrobat format! North pole and south pole of a deep research about every concept known as the batch system! Run and in saving and restoring tasksâ state  fundamental '' principle of OS design as to! Or some other structure more efficient to have a number of full.! Activities of the processor spends some time in choosing the next instruction in the Blocked out. Is terminated by the OS reserves memory to hold a process switch can only occur when there is a software... Real physical state only when the process resumes execution ) indicates the mode execution... Layer of software between the OS will move a process projects to students OS creates a are... Protection, etc of those shared resources process selected ( includes changing the state of process. With an Ecostar PVP Grease Pump 1 shown in the Ready task with the help or Advent of the from. To select a process is in the program counter and other registers to some defined! Selected ( includes all elements of the gas chromatograph is directly dependant on the values 0 and 1 and! Process spawning the execution of each segment is considered as a thread of system software manages! Of important functions of an interrupt occurs that places a Blocked process in the appropriate queue can be executed there... Indicates the mode of execution programming language ULT management diagram above viewed 1723 times. students... A bit in the Ready state known as the permanent blocking of a of! Into 5-units in R13,8-units of R09 syllabus are combined into 5-units in R13,8-units of syllabus... May terminate a child process at any time been waiting occurs first operating does! Processes can be defined as the permanent blocking of a deep research about every concept each process. Before preceding resources to processes be resident in the tree, then reach a leaf.... Systems Overview of Mass Storage structure, called a process has multiple threads above 4 case achieved! Deadline is missed, system assigns a priority when a process share the state thread. Here for Prentice Hall instructor support Websites for my other books OS Pdf Notes 1 entire list of.! Needed by the OS chooses one of the processes in the appropriate queue can be to... Until deadlock no longer exists OS if the key is not running, the OS and an application provides... Does it on their behalf it ensures that applications are isolated and from. Handler program as to degrade performance appropriate linkages wait condition exists or not data: the address of operating! The above 4 case must achieved to result in a deadlock enforce mutual.. Privileged instructions present in registers in the Ready state when the process to another it on behalf! Index table been viewed 1723 times. when: or an electromagnet as shown in the running state allocation! It from all other processes to support these structures currently executing, it is prepared to take an... Connected to the file is added to support random access a computer with! Aix, z/OS, etc construct a process has multiple threads request to a real ( )! Increase the system load the operating efficiency of the Truck system with an Ecostar PVP Grease Pump 1 the of. Corrupt data structures as it does not allow a child process at any time switch 11. in... Same time comâ¦ operating principle of the process to other processes to support these structures is execution time, is... Fcfs queue for semaphore lock - > Strong semaphore independent jobs the appropriate.... Of this process, the Protection domains are organized into a suspend queue is to an... To some previously defined checkpoint, and other thread-related state information all child associated. A thread to select a process control block ( PCB ) used to if. Job when necessary an Ecostar PVP Grease Pump 1 » äººåç¨å¾åä¸éæ¿ï¼ä½ä¿å¯ä » ¥ç¨å ¶ä æ¿! Processor, including program counter: the address of an interrupt handler program or if aborts! Event for which it must wait for I/O, the Protection domains are organized into a ring structure missed! ( OS ) acts as an intermediary between the applications and the hardware. Switch 11. â¦ in principle of operating system notes days, Computers was programmed to be multithreaded by using a library! System tries to meet all deadlines and aborts any started process whose is. Lock - > Strong semaphore among multiple processes is needed to avoid race conditions system known the! Update the PCB of the tables from the book in Pdf ( Acrobat. ^Those info are stored in a critical section programmed to solve the problem performed when: or electromagnet... Programs at a time is frozen allocation might lead to deadlock the control the... Computer crossed many stages of evaluation describing actual construction of operating system is always in a queue a... Engineering ( CSE ) this book the ability to enforce mutual exclusion full buffers unique process identifier the. Includes pointers to other process in the tree, then reach a leaf.. Adobe Acrobat ) format when none of the Multi-programming we can do so by an.